little
information..
little
attention...
little
work...
little
data
little
researchor
few
studies
few
investigations...
few
researchers...
few
attempts...or
no
none
of
these
studieshas
(have)
been
less
done
on
...
focused
on
attempted
to
conducted
investigated
studied
(with
respect
to)Previous
research
(studies,
records)
has
(have)
failed
to
consider
ignored
misinterpreted
neglected
to
overestimated,
underestimated
misleadedthus,
these
previus
results
are
inconclisive,
misleading,
unsatisfactory,
questionable,
controversial..Uncertainties
(discrepancies)
still
exist
...这种引导一般提出一种新方法,或者一种新方向。如果研究的方法以及方向和前人一样,可以通过下面的方式强调自己工作的作用:However,
data
is
still
scarce
rare
less
accurate
there
is
still
dearth
ofWe
need
to
aim
to
have
to
provide
more
documents
data
records
studies
increase
the
datasetFurther
studies
are
still
necessary...
essential...为了强调自己研究的重要性,一般还要在However之前介绍自己研究问题的反方面,另一方面等等比如:1)时间问题如果你研究的问题时间上比较新,你就可以大量提及对时间较老的问题的研究及重要性,然后说(However),对时间尺度比较新的问题研究不足2)物性及研究手段问题如果你要应用一种新手段或者研究方向,你可以提出当前比较流行的方法以及物质性质,然后说对你所研究的方向和方法,研究甚少。3)研究区域问题首先总结相邻区域或者其它区域的研究,然后强调这一区域研究不足4)不确定性虽然前人对这一问题研究很多,但是目前有两种或者更多种的观点,这种uncertanties,
ambiguities,值得进一步澄清5)提出自己的假设来验证如果自己的研究完全是新的,没有前人的工作进行对比,在这种情况下,你可以自信地说,根据提出的过程,存在这种可能的结果,本文就是要证实这种结果。We
aim
to
test
the
feasibility
(reliability)
of
the
...It
is
hoped
that
the
qutestion
will
be
resolved
(fall
away)
with
our
proposedmethod
(approach).b)
提出自己的观点We
aim
toThis
paper
reports
on
provides
results
extends
the
method..
focus
onThe
purpose
of
this
paper
is
toFurthermore,
Moreover,
In
addition,,
we
will
also
discuss...c)
圈定自己的研究范围前言的另外一个作用就是告诉读者包括(reviewer)你的文章主要研究内容。如果处理不好,reviewer会提出严厉的建议,比如你没有考虑某种可能性,某种研究手段等等。为了减少这种争论,在前言的结尾你就要明确提出本文研究的范围:1)时间尺度问题如果你的问题涉及比较长的时序,你可以明确地提出本文只关心这一时间范围的问题。We
preliminarily
focus
on
the
older
(younger)...或者有两种时间尺度的问题
(long-term
and
short
term),你可以说两者都重要,但是本文只涉及其中一种2)
研究区域的问题和时间问题一样,明确提出你只关心这一地区d)
最后的原场在前言的最后,还可以总结性地提出,这一研究对其它研究的帮助。或者说,further
studies
on
...
will
be
summarized
in
our
nextstudy
(or
elsewhere)总之,其目的就是让读者把思路集中到你要讨论的问题上来。减少争论(arguments).关于词汇以及常用结构,要经常总结,多读多模仿才能融会贯通。以上是常见的语言结构,不算抄袭。--
※
修改:·raceqh
于
Aug
21
21:12:27
修改本文·[FROM:
166.111.231.*]发信人:
raceqh
(耕耘者),
信区:
Postdoc标
题:
一些英文写作的语言技巧--2
(转载)发信站:
BBS
水木清华站
(Sat
Aug
21
21:11:47
2004),
站内【
以下文字转载自
LifeScience
讨论区
】发信人:
JaneEyre
(盈盈一水间),
信区:
LifeScience标
题:
一些英文写作的语言技巧--2怎样提出观点在提出自己的观点时,采取什么样的策略很重要。不合适的句子通常会遭到reviewer的置疑。1)如果观点不是这篇文章最新提出的,通常要用We
confirm
that...2)对于自己很自信的观点,可用We
believe
that...3)在更通常的情况下,由数据推断出一定的结论,用,
Results
indicate,
infer,
suggest,
imply
that...4)
在及其特别的情况才可以用We
put
forward(discover,
observe..)
..
"for
the
first
time".来强调自己的创新。5)
如果自己对所提出的观点不完全肯定,可用We
tentatively
put
forward
(interrprete
this
to..)Or
The
results
may
be
due
to
(caused
by)
attributed
torsulted
from..Or
This
is
probably
a
consequence
ofIt
seems
that
..
can
account
for
(interpret)
this..Or
It
is
pisible
that
it
stem
from...要注意这些结构要合理搭配。如果通篇是类型1)和5),那这篇文章的意义就大打折扣。如果全是2),肯定会遭到置疑。所以要仔细分析自己成果的创新性以及可信度。--
※
修改:·raceqh
于
Aug
21
21:12:40
修改本文·[FROM:
166.111.231.*]发信人:
raceqh
(耕耘者),
信区:
Postdoc标
题:
一些英文文章写作的语言技巧--3
(转载)发信站:
BBS
水木清华站
(Sat
Aug
21
21:11:56
2004),
站内连接词与逻辑写英文论文最常见的一个毛病就是文章的逻辑不清楚。解决的方法有:1)句子上下要有连贯,不能让句子之间独立常见的连接词语有,
However,
also,
in
addition,consequently,
afterwards,
moreover,
Furthermore,further,
although,
unlike,
in
contrast,
Similarly,Unfortunately,
alternatively,
parallel
results,In
order
to,
despite,
For
example,
Compared
withother
results,
thus,
therefore...用好这些连接词,能够使观点表达得有层次,更加明确。比如,如果叙述有时间顺序的事件或者文献,最早的文献可用AA
advocated
it
for
the
first
time.接下来,可用Then
BB
further
demonstrated
that..再接下来,可用Afterwards,
CC..如果还有,可用More
recent
studies
by
DD..如果叙述两种观点,要把它们截然分开AA
pput
forward
that...In
contrast,
BB
believeor
Unlike
AA,
BB
suggestor
On
the
contrary
(表明前面的观点错误,如果只是表明两种对立的观点,用in
contrast),
BB..如果两种观点相近,可用AA
suggestSimilarily,
alternatively,
BB..Or
Also,
BBor
BB
allso
does
..表示因果或者前后关系,可用Consequently,
therefore,
as
a
result,表明递进关系,可用furthermore,
further,
moreover,
in
addition,当写完一段英文,最好首先检查一下是否较好地应用了这些连接词。2)
段落的整体逻辑经常我们要叙述一个问题的几个方面。这种情况下,一定要注意逻辑结构。首先第一段要明确告诉读者你要讨论几个部份...Therefore,
there
are
three
aspects
of
this
problen
have
tobe
addressed.
The
first
questuon
involves...
The
second
problem
relates
to
The
thrid
aspect
deals
w
